For the first time, astronomers have mapped the detailed atmospheric structure of a distant exoplanet, unveiling a bizarre and chaotic weather system. The planet, known as WASP-121b or Tylos, has an atmosphere unlike anything seen before, featuring multiple layers of gas moving in different directions and the fastest winds ever recorded in the universe.

A Planet of Extremes

WASP-121b, discovered in 2015, is a massive gas giant located approximately 900 light-years from Earth. It is nearly twice the size of Jupiter and orbits its host star at an extremely close distance, completing a full orbit in just 30 Earth hours. This tight proximity subjects the planet to intense radiation, heating its atmosphere to scorching temperatures of around 2500°C—hot enough to vaporize metals like iron and magnesium. Due to these extreme conditions, WASP-121b is classified as an “ultra-hot Jupiter.”

A team of researchers led by Julia Seidel at the European Southern Observatory in Chile recently examined the planet’s atmosphere using the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Their findings challenge existing atmospheric models and provide insights into how exoplanetary weather systems operate under extreme conditions.

A Unique Atmospheric Structure

Unlike planets in our solar system, which generally follow a predictable atmospheric pattern driven by internal and solar heating, WASP-121b’s atmosphere exhibits an unexpected and inverted structure. The study identified three distinct layers, each displaying unique wind behaviors:

1. Lower Atmosphere: In most planets, lower-atmospheric winds are primarily driven by internal heat differences. However, in Tylos, they are driven by the intense radiation from its star. Instead of following the expected convection patterns, these winds move away from the planet’s hot side toward the cooler side.
2. Middle Atmosphere: Typically, jet streams—fast-moving air currents—are found in the lower portions of planetary atmospheres. In contrast, on WASP-121b, the jet stream is predominantly located in the middle layer, moving around the equator at astonishing speeds in the direction of the planet’s rotation.
3. Upper Atmosphere: This layer consists primarily of hydrogen, which exhibits complex jet stream-like movements. Some hydrogen particles flow around the planet, while others escape into space due to the extreme heat. This outward flow suggests atmospheric evaporation, a phenomenon observed on other hot Jupiters but never with this level of detail.

The Fastest Winds in the Universe

One of the most astonishing discoveries of the study was the presence of an unprecedentedly powerful jet stream in WASP-121b’s atmosphere. This current of air moves at an astonishing 70,000 kilometers per hour—more than double the speed of the previous record holder.

The cause of these extreme wind speeds remains unclear, but researchers speculate that the planet’s strong magnetic field or exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation from its host star could be influencing atmospheric circulation in unexpected ways.

Challenging Existing Atmospheric Models

These findings defy current planetary weather models, which predict that jet streams should form in the lower atmosphere, driven by internal heat, while upper-layer winds should be more influenced by the star’s radiation. WASP-121b appears to exhibit the opposite pattern, with lower-layer winds responding primarily to stellar heating, while its most intense jet stream is found in the middle atmosphere.

“What we see now is actually exactly the inverse of what comes out of theory,” said Seidel. The unexpected structure of WASP-121b’s atmosphere suggests that exoplanetary weather systems may be more diverse and complex than previously thought, potentially requiring a revision of existing climate models for ultra-hot gas giants.

Implications for Future Research

The study of WASP-121b provides a critical opportunity to refine our understanding of extreme planetary environments. The insights gained from this research could help astronomers better interpret the atmospheres of other exoplanets and even search for signs of habitability in less extreme worlds.

Future observations using next-generation telescopes, such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), could provide even more detailed insights into the composition, wind patterns, and thermal structure of exoplanetary atmospheres. As astronomers continue to uncover the mysteries of distant worlds, the discovery of WASP-121b’s bizarre weather system underscores the incredible diversity of planets beyond our solar system.